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Guernika

ID #023
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General Information

Structure type
Deformed/Undeformed
Geological Setting ,
Outcropping/buried
Evaporite unit/s name
Evaporite unit/s age
Evaporite unit/s origin
Classif. (Hudec and Jackson, 2009) ,
Classif. (Jackson and Talbot, 1986) ,
Age of evaporite flow or deformation (when deformed) ,
Other comments Salt wall partially welded during Alpine compression, but the structure of syn-diapiric formation is well-preserved.

Location

Location

Map (detail)

Location
Location

Geological map

Location

Cross section

Location

Structure type (Hudec and Jackson, 2009)

Location

Regional Stratigraphy

Location

Other maps 1

Location

Other maps 2

Generic Data

Unique ID 23
Name Guernika
Structure type Evaporite body
Deformed/Undeformed Deformed
Buried/Outcropping Outcropping
Geological setting Basque-Cantabrian Basin
Geological Regional Setting Basque Arc
Evaporite unit/s name Keuper facies
Evaporite unit/s age Carnian-Rhaetian (Upper Triassic)
Evaporite unit/s era Mesozoic
Evaporite unit/s origin Marine
Evaporite unit/s composition Claystone-Gypsum-Halite-Anhydrite-Ophites
Post-kinematic unit/s (or post-evaporite units when evaporites are undeformed) Quaternary (alluvial and colluvial detrital deposits)
Post-kinematic unit/s age (or post-evaporite units when evaporites are undeformed) Pleistocene-Holocene
Classification (Hudec and Jackson, 2009) Passive piercement / Thrust piercement
Classification (Jackson and Talbot, 1986) Salt wall
Mining activity? Y
Mining activity start Roman Empire
Mining activity end
Mining galleries?
Mining products Limestone (other uses)
Mining sub-products
Evaporite flow? Y
Age of evaporite flow Early Aptian – early Cenomanian (early stage) and Burdigalian – Tortonian (thrust-linked late stage)
Flow or deformation triggering mechanisms High angle regional extensional faults (early stage) and northward-propagating thrust sheet (late stage)
Flow-linked structures? Y
Halokinetic structures Progressive unconformities / Normal high-angle faults / thrust faults / joints / thickness variations
Post-evaporite and pre-kinematic unit/s (overbuden) Jurassic (dolostones, marls and oolitic limestones)
Syn-kinematic unit/s Aptian-middle Albian (Urgonian Group: marlstones, marly limestones, packstones, carbonate brecchias, rudistid limestones; Punta del Bakio Unit: turbidites, mudstones and carbonate grainstones) / Upper Albian-lower Cenomanian (Deva Formation: pebbly sandstones, siliciclastic sandstones and mudstones; Cabo Villano Formation: mudstones; Plenzia Formation: marlstones, siliciclastic sandstones and carbonate sandstones)
Available seismic profiles ILIHA D-A / 42 / 46 / BR-46 / BR-24 / BR-29 / BR-85-05 / SBR-30 / SBR-46 / SBR-24 / SBR-29 / BR-30 / BR-91-03 / BR-91-03 / BR-91-04 / BR-91-07 / BR-91-02 / BR-91-01 / BR-91-01 / BR-91-06 / BR-91-06
Available boreholes GERNIKA-07 (VEGA-3) / GERNIKA-08 (MALTA) / GERNIKA-05 (CHOPERA-2) / GERNIKA-06 (NISSAN) / GERNIKA-10 / GERNIKA-11 / GERNIKA-09 (ESTACION) / GERNIKA-1 (GNK-1) / GERNIKA-14 (AJANGIZ-1) / GERNIKA-15 (RENTERIA) / GERNIKA-12 / GERNIKA-13 / GERNIKA-18 (AJANGIZ-3) / GERNIKA-19 (ARABIETA) / GERNIKA-16 (ARRAZUA)
Additional comments Salt wall partially welded during alpine compression, but the structure of syn-diapiric formation is well-preserved.

Mining Data

UNIQUE_ID 23
Minning exploitations within <2km? Y
Historical/Active Active
Exploitation name #1 PEÑA FORUA
Exploitation ID (Spanish National Mining Cadastre) #1 12825
Municipality #1 Forua
Province #1 VIZCAYA
Company #1 CANTERA PEÑA FORUA, SA
Main minning Products #1 Limestone (other uses)
Exploitation name #2 ZUBIONDO
Exploitation ID (Spanish National Mining Cadastre) #2 12836
Municipality #2 Ereño
Province #2 VIZCAYA
Company #2 CANTERAS ZUBI ONDO, SL
Main minning Products #2 Limestone (other uses)
Exploitation name #3
Exploitation ID (Spanish National Mining Cadastre) #3
Municipality #3
Province #3
Company #3
Main minning Products #3

Quantitative Data

UNIQUE_ID 23
Outcropping area (km2) 20.92362
Horizontal intersection area (km2) (when buried) Not buried
Depth of intersection area (km2) (when buried) Not buried
Max. Width (Km) 10.4
Max. Length (Km) 4.5
Max. Evaporites thickness (km) 2.5
Max. Deformation age (Ma) 125
Min. Deformation age (Ma) 7
Deformation stages 2

Reference Data

UNIQUE_ID 23
Section source Poprawski, Y., Basile, C., 2018. Long-lasting diapir growth history in the Basque-Cantabrian basin (Northern Spain): a review. Conference poster, Advances in Salt Tectonics: Observations, Applications, and Perspective: In Honor of Martin P.A. Jackson. [link]
Well / Borehole availability #1 Gómez, M., Vergés, J., Riaza, C., 2002. Inversion tectonics of the northern margin of the Basque Cantabrian Basin. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 173(5), 449-459. [link]
Well / Borehole availability #2 Poprawski, Y., Basile, C., 2018. Long-lasting diapir growth history in the Basque-Cantabrian basin (Northern Spain): a review. Conference poster, Advances in Salt Tectonics: Observations, Applications, and Perspective: In Honor of Martin P.A. Jackson. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #1 Roca, E., Ferrer, O., Rowan, M. G., Muñoz, J. A., Butillé, M., Giles, K. A., Arbués, P., de Matteis, M., 2021. Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 104770. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #2 Cámara, P., 2017. Salt and Strike-Slip Tectonics as Main Drivers in the Structural Evolution of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Spain. In Permo-Triassic Salt Provinces of Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Margins (pp. 371-393). Elsevier. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #3 Pedrera, A., García‐Senz, J., Ayala, C., Ruiz‐Constán, A., Rodríguez‐Fernández, L. R., Robador, A., González Menéndez, L., 2017. Reconstruction of the exhumed mantle across the North Iberian Margin by crustal‐scale 3‐D gravity inversion and geological cross section. Tectonics, 36, 3155-3177. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #4 Downs, N. M., 2009. The effcts of salt diapirs on the thermal maturity of surrounding sediments in the Western Pyrenees, Spain [MsC thesis]: Neva University, Las Vegas, 138 p. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #5 Poprawski, Y., Christophe, B., Etienne, J., Matthieu, G. & Michel, L., 2016. Halokinetic sequences in carbonate systems: an example from the middle Albian Bakio breccias formation (Basque Country, Spain). Sedimentary Geology 334, 34-52. [link]
Available data (Stratigraphy) #6 Bodego, A., Iriarte, E., López-Horgue, M. A., Álvarez, I., 2018. Rift-margin extensional forced folds and salt tectonics in the eastern Basque-Cantabrian rift basin (western Pyrenees). Marine and Petroleum Geology, 91, 667-682. [link]
Regional Stratigraphy Pedrera, A., García‐Senz, J., Ayala, C., Ruiz‐Constán, A., Rodríguez‐Fernández, L. R., Robador, A., González Menéndez, L., 2017. Reconstruction of the exhumed mantle across the North Iberian Margin by crustal‐scale 3‐D gravity inversion and geological cross section. Tectonics, 36, 3155-3177. [link]
Seismic data availability #1 Roca, E., Ferrer, O., Rowan, M. G., Muñoz, J. A., Butillé, M., Giles, K. A., Arbués, P., de Matteis, M., 2021. Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 104770. [link]
Seismic data availability #2 Poprawski, Y., Basile, C., 2018. Long-lasting diapir growth history in the Basque-Cantabrian basin (Northern Spain): a review. Conference poster, Advances in Salt Tectonics: Observations, Applications, and Perspective: In Honor of Martin P.A. Jackson. [link]
Seismic data availability #3 n.a.
Available data (Structure) #1 Pedrera, A., García‐Senz, J., Ayala, C., Ruiz‐Constán, A., Rodríguez‐Fernández, L. R., Robador, A., González Menéndez, L., 2017. Reconstruction of the exhumed mantle across the North Iberian Margin by crustal‐scale 3‐D gravity inversion and geological cross section. Tectonics, 36, 3155-3177. [link]
Available data (Structure) #2 Poprawski, Y., Basile, C., 2018. Long-lasting diapir growth history in the Basque-Cantabrian basin (Northern Spain): a review. Conference poster, Advances in Salt Tectonics: Observations, Applications, and Perspective: In Honor of Martin P.A. Jackson. [link]
Available data (Structure) #3 Roca, E., Ferrer, O., Rowan, M. G., Muñoz, J. A., Butillé, M., Giles, K. A., Arbués, P., de Matteis, M., 2021. Salt tectonics and controls on halokinetic-sequence development of an exposed deepwater diapir: The Bakio Diapir, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, Pyrenees. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 104770. [link]
Available data (Structure) #4 García-Mondéjar, J., Agirrezabala, L.M., Aramburu, A., Fernández-Mendiola,P.A., Gómez-Pérez, I., López-Horgue, M., Rosales, I., 1996. Aptian-Albian tectonic pattern of the Basque-Cantabrian basin (northern Spain). Geological Journal, 31, 13–45. [link]
Available data (Structure) #5 Beamud, E., Soto, R., Peigney, C., Roca, E., Pueyo, E. L., 2020. Paleomagnetism on salt-detached syndiapiric overburden rocks from the Northern margin of the Basque-Cantabrian extensional Basin (N Spain). In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts (p. 4598). [link]
Available data (Structure) #6 n.a.
Available data (Analogue modelling) #1 n.a.
Available data (Analogue modelling) #2 n.a.
Available data (Analogue modelling) #3 n.a.
Available data (Gravimetry – Tomography) #1 Nettleton, L.L., 1968. Gravity anomalies over salt diapirs, northern Spain. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 88, 75–82. [link]
Available data (Gravimetry – Tomography) #2 Pedrera, A., García‐Senz, J., Ayala, C., Ruiz‐Constán, A., Rodríguez‐Fernández, L. R., Robador, A., González Menéndez, L., 2017. Reconstruction of the exhumed mantle across the North Iberian Margin by crustal‐scale 3‐D gravity inversion and geological cross section. Tectonics, 36, 3155-3177. [link]
Available data (Gravimetry – Tomography) #3 Ayala, C., Bohoyo, F., Maestro, A., Reguera, M. I., Torne, M., Rubio, F., Fernández, M., García-Lobón, J. L., 2016. Updated Bouguer anomalies of the Iberian Peninsula: a new perspective to interpret the regional geology. Journal of Maps, 12(5), 1089-1092. [link]
Available data (Geochemistry) #1 Ortí, F., García-Veigas, J., Rossell, L., Jurado, M. J., Utrilla, R., 1996. Formaciones salinas de las cuencas triásicas en la Península Ibérica: Caracterización Petrológica y Geoquímica. Cuadernos de Geología Ibérica, 20, 13-35. [link]
Available data (Geochemistry) #2 Béziat, D., Joron, J.L., Monchoux, P., Treuil, M., Walgenwitz, F., 1991. Geodynamic implications of geochemical data for the Pyrenean ophites (Spain-France). Chemical Geology, 89, 243-262. [link]
Available data (Geochemistry) #3 Iribar, V., Ábalos, B. 2011. The geochemical and isotopic record of evaporite recycling in spas and salterns of the Basque Cantabrian basin, Spain. Applied geochemistry, 26, 1315-1329. [link]
Available data (Geochemistry) #4 n.a.
Available data (Petrophysics) #1 Soto, R., Beamud, E., Roca, E., Carola, E., Almar, Y., 2017. Distinguishing the effect of diapir growth on magnetic fabrics of syn-diapiric overburden rocks: Basque-Cantabrian basin, Northern Spain. Terra Nova 29, 191-201. [link]
Available data (Petrophysics) #2 Llamas, B., Castañeda, M. C., Laín, C., Pous, J., 2017. Study of the Basque–Cantabrian basin as a suitable region for the implementation of an energy storage system based on compressed air energy storage (CAES). Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(5), 204. [link]
IGME Geological Map (MAGNA50) Sheet number 38-Bermeo. [link]
Other Maps #1 (source) Perona, J., 2016. Mineralizaciones de Pb-Zn asociadas a los diapiros de Murguía y Orduña (Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica) [PhD thesis]: Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 281 pp. [link]
Other Maps #2 (source) Beamud, E., Soto, R., Roca, E., Carola, E., Almar, Y., Escosa, F., 2016. Datos paleomagnéticos en materiales sin-diapíricos Aptienses-Albienses (cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica, N Iberia). Geo-Temas, 16, 793-796. [link]
Other related references #1 Ábalos, B., 2016. Geologic map of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin and a new tectonic interpretation of the Basque Arc. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 105, 2327-2354. [link]
Other related references #2 Beamud, E., Soto, R., Roca, E., Carola, E., Almar, Y., Escosa, F., 2016. Datos paleomagnéticos en materiales sin-diapíricos Aptienses-Albienses (cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica, N Iberia). Geo-Temas, 16, 793-796. [link]
Other related references #3 Boess, J. G., 1984. Der Diapir von Gernika (Nordspanien). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 7-21. [link]
Other related references #4 Cámara, P., 2020. Inverted turtle salt anticlines in the eastern basque-cantabrian basin, Spain. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 104358. [link]